Article Dans Une Revue Biological Conservation Année : 2021

Global COVID-19 lockdown highlights humans as both threats and custodians of the environment

Amanda E. Bates (1) , Richard B. Primack (2) , Brandy S. Biggar (1) , Tomas J. Bird (3) , Mary E. Clinton (1) , Rylan J. Command (1) , Cerren Richards (1) , Marc Shellard (4) , Nathan R. Geraldi (4) , Valeria Vergara (5) , Orlando Acevedo-Charry (6) , Zuania Colón-Piñeiro (7) , David Ocampo (6) , Natalia Ocampo-Penuela (6) , Lina María Sánchez-Clavijo (6) , Mihai Cristian Adamescu (8, 9) , Sorin Cheval (10) , Tudor Racoviceanu (8, 9) , Matthew S. Adams (11) , Egide Kalisa (11) , Vincent Z. Kuuire (11) , Vikram Aditya (12) , Pia Anderwald (13) , Samuel Wiesmann (13) , Sonja Wipf (13) , Gal Badihi (14) , Matthew G. Henderson (14) , Hanspeter Loetscher (15) , Katja Baerenfaller (16) , Lisandro Benedetti-Cecchi (17) , Fabio Bulleri (17) , Iacopo Bertocci (17) , Elena Maggi (17) , Luca Rindi (17) , Chiara Ravaglioli (17) , Kristina Boerder (18) , Julien Bonnel (19) , Delphine Mathias (20) , Philippe Archambault (21, 22) , Laurent Chauvaud (23) , Camrin Braun (19) , Simon R. Thorrold (24) , Jacob W. Brownscombe (25) , Jonathan D. Midwood (25) , Christine M. Boston (25) , Jill L. Brooks (26) , Steven J. Cooke (26) , Victor China (27) , Uri Roll (27) , Jonathan Belmaker (28) , Assaf Zvuloni (29) , Marta Coll (30) , Miquel Ortega (31, 32) , Brendan Connors (25) , Lisa Lacko (25) , Dinusha R. M. Jayathilake (33) , Mark J. Costello (34, 35) , Theresa M. Crimmins (36) , Lorianne Barnett (36) , Ellen G. Denny (36) , Katharine L. Gerst (36) , R. L. Marsch (36) , Erin E. Posthumus (36) , Reilly Rodriguez (36) , Alyssa Rosemartin (36) , Sara N. Schaffer (36) , Jeff R. Switzer (36) , Kevin Wong (36) , Susan J. Cunningham (37) , Petra Sumasgutner (38) , Arjun Amar (37) , Robert L. Thomson (37) , Miqkayla Stofberg (37) , Sally Hofmeyr (37) , Jessleena Suri (37) , Rick Stuart-Smith (39) , Paul B. Day (40) , Graham J. Edgar (41) , Antonia T. Cooper (39) , Fabio Cabrera de Leo (42, 43) , Grant Garner (42) , Paulson G. Des Brisay (44) , Michael B. Schrimpf (45) , Nicola Koper (45) , Michael S. Diamond (46) , Ross G. Dwyer (47) , Cameron J. Baker (48) , Craig E. Franklin (48) , Ron Efrat (27) , Oded Berger-Tal (27) , Ohad Hatzofe (29) , Victor M. Eguiluz (49) , Jorge P. Rodríguez (50) , Juan Fernández-Gracia (49) , David Elustondo (51) , Vicent Calatayud (52) , Philina A. English (25) , Stephanie K. Archer (53) , Sarah E. Dudas (25) , Dana R. Haggarty (25) , Austin J. Gallagher (54) , Oliver N. Shipley (54) , Ben L. Gilby (47) , Jasmine Ballantyne (47) , Andrew D. Olds (47) , Thomas A. Schlacher (47) , William D. Halliday (55) , Nicholas A. W. Brown (42) , Mackenzie B. Woods (42) , Sigal Balshine (56) , Francis Juanes (42) , Mitchell J. Rider (57) , Patricia S. Albano (57) , Neil Hammerschlag (57) , Graeme C. Hays (58) , Nicole Esteban (59) , Yuhang Pan (60) , Guojun He (60) , Takanao Tanaka (60) , Marc J. S. Hensel (61) , Robert J. Orth (61) , Christopher J. Patrick (61) , Jonas Hentati-Sundberg (62) , Olof Olsson (63) , Margot L Hessing-Lewis (64) , Nicholas D. Higgs (65) , Mark A. Hindell (41) , Clive R. Mcmahon (66) , Robert Harcourt (67) , Christophe Guinet (68) , Sarah E. Hirsch (69) , Justin R. Perrault (69) , Shelby R. Hoover (69) , Jennifer D. Reilly (69) , Catherine Hobaiter (14) , Thibaud Gruber (70) , Charlie Huveneers (71) , Vinay Udyawer (72) , Thomas M. Clarke (71) , Laura P. Kroesen (73) , David S. Hik (73) , Seth G. Cherry (74) , Justin A. del Bel Belluz (64) , Jennifer M. Jackson (64) , Shengjie Lai (75) , Clayton T. Lamb (76) , Gregory D. Leclair (77) , Jeffrey R. Parmelee (78) , Matthew W. H. Chatfield (79) , Cheryl A. Frederick (79) , Sangdon Lee (80) , Hyomin Park (80) , Jaein Choi (80) , Frédéric Letourneux (81) , Thierry Grandmont (81) , Frédéric Dulude-de Broin (81) , Joël Bêty (81) , Gilles Gauthier (81) , Pierre Legagneux (81) , Jesse S. Lewis (82) , Jeffrey Haight (83) , Zhu Liu (84) , Jarod P. Lyon (85) , Robin Hale (85) , Dallas d'Silva (86) , Ian Macgregor-Fors (87) , Enrique Arbeláez-Cortés (88) , Felipe A. Estela (89) , Camilo E. Sánchez-Sarria (89) , Michelle García-Arroyo (87) , Giann K. Aguirre-Samboní (89) , Juan C. Franco Morales (90) , Shahar Malamud (28) , Tal Gavriel (28) , Yehezkel Buba (28) , Shira Salingré (28) , Mai Lazarus (28) , Ruthy Yahel (28) , Yigael Ben Ari (29) , Eyal Miller (29) , Rotem Sade (29) , Guy Lavian (29) , Ziv Birman (29) , Manor Gury (29) , Harel Baz (29) , Ilia Baskin (29) , Alon Penn (29) , Amit Dolev (29) , Ogen Licht (29) , Tabi Karkom (29) , Sharon Davidzon (29) , Avi Berkovitch (29) , Ofer Yaakov (29) , Raoul Manenti (91) , Emiliano Mori (92) , Gentile Francesco Ficetola (91) , Enrico Lunghi (93) , David March (94) , Brendan J. Godley (95) , Cecilia Martin (4) , Steven F. Mihaly (42) , David R. Barclay (18) , Dugald J. M. Thomson (18) , Richard Dewey (42) , Jeannette Bedard (42) , Aroha Miller (5) , Amber Dearden (5) , Jennifer Chapman (5) , Lauren Dares (5) , Laura Borden (5) , Donna Gibbs (5) , Jessica Schultz (5) , Nikita Sergeenko (5) , Fiona Francis (5) , Amanda Weltman (5) , Nicolas Moity (96) , Jorge Ramírez-González (96) , Gonzalo Mucientes (97) , Alexandre Alonso-Fernández (97) , Itai Namir (28) , Avi Bar-Massada (98) , Ron Chen (28, 99) , Shmulik Yedvab (100) , Thomas A. Okey (42) , Steffen Oppel (101, 102) , Volen Arkumarev (103) , Samuel Bakari (104) , Vladimir Dobrev (103) , Victoria Saravia-Mullin (105) , Anastasios Bounas (105) , Dobromir Dobrev (103) , Elzbieta Kret (106) , Solomon Mengistu (107) , Cloé Pourchier (108) , Alazar Ruffo (109) , Million Tesfaye (110) , Mengistu Wondafrash (107) , Stoyan C. Nikolov (103) , Charles Palmer (111) , Lorenzo Sileci (111) , Patrick T. Rex (112) , Christopher G. Lowe (112) , Francesc Peters (113) , Matthew K. Pine (42) , Craig Radford (114) , Louise Wilson (114) , Lauren Mcwhinnie (115) , Alessia Scuderi (116, 117) , Andrew G. Jeffs (114) , Kathleen L. Prudic (36) , Maxim Larrivée (118) , Kent P. Mcfarland (119) , Rodrigo Solis (73) , Rebecca A. Hutchinson (120) , Nuno Queiroz (121) , Miguel A. Furtado (121) , David W. Sims (122) , Emily Southall (122) , Claudio A. Quesada-Rodriguez (123) , Jessica P. Diaz-Orozco (123) , Ku'Ulei S. Rodgers (124) , Sarah J. L. Severino (124) , Andrew T. Graham (124) , Matthew P. Stefanak (124) , Elizabeth M. P. Madin (124) , Peter G. Ryan (37) , Kyle Maclean (37) , Eleanor A. Weideman (37) , Çağan H. Şekercioğlu (125) , Kyle D. Kittelberger (125) , Josip Kusak (126) , Jeffrey A. Seminoff (127) , Megan E. Hanna (128) , Takahiro Shimada (4) , Mark G. Meekan (72, 129) , Martin K. S. Smith (130) , Mohlamatsane M. Mokhatla (130) , Malcolm C. K. Soh (131) , Roanna Y. T. Pang (131) , Breyl X. K. Ng (131) , Benjamin P. Y.-H. Lee (131) , Adrian H. B. Loo (131) , Kenneth B. H. Er (131) , Gabriel B. G. Souza (132) , Christopher D. Stallings (133) , Joseph S. Curtis (133) , Meaghan E. Faletti (133) , Jonathan A. Peake (133) , Michael J. Schram (133) , Kara R. Wall (133) , Carina Terry (2) , Matt Rothendler (2) , Lucy Zipf (2) , Juan Sebastián Ulloa (6) , Angélica Hernández-Palma (6) , Bibiana Gómez-Valencia (6) , Cristian Cruz-Rodríguez (6) , Yenifer Herrera-Varón (6) , Margarita Roa (6) , Susana Rodríguez-Buriticá (6) , Jose Manuel Ochoa Quintero (6) , Reut Vardi (27) , Víctor Vázquez (134) , Christian Requena-Mesa (135) , Miyako H. Warrington (45) , Michelle E. Taylor (136) , Lucy C. Woodall (137) , Paris V. Stefanoudis (137) , Xiangliang Zhang (4) , Qiang Yang (4) , Yuval Zukerman (27) , Zehava Sigal (29) , Amir Ayali (28) , Éric Clua (138) , Pamela Carzon (138) , Clémentine Seguine (138) , Andrea Corradini (139) , Luca Pedrotti (140) , Catherine M. Foley (124) , Catherine Alexandra Gagnon (81) , Elijah Panipakoochoo (141) , Celene B. Milanes (142) , Camilo M. Botero (143) , Yunior R. Velázquez (144) , Nataliya A. Milchakova (145) , Simon A. Morley (146) , Stephanie M. Martin (147) , Veronica Nanni (148) , Tanya Otero (5) , Julia Wakeling (5) , Sarah Abarro (106) , Cyril Piou (149, 150) , Ana F. L. Sobral (151, 152) , Eulogio H. Soto (153) , Emily G. Weigel (154) , Alejandro Bernal-Ibáñez (155) , Ignacio Gestoso (155) , Eva Cacabelos (155) , Francesca Cagnacci (156) , Reny P. Devassy (4) , Matthias-Claudio Loretto (157) , Paula Moraga (4) , Christian Rutz (158) , Carlos M. Duarte (4)
1 MUN - Memorial University of Newfoundland = Université Memorial de Terre-Neuve [St. John's, Canada]
2 BU - Boston University [Boston]
3 NWAFC - Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre
4 KAUST - King Abdullah University of Science and Technology [Saudi Arabia]
5 Ocean Wise Conservation Association
6 Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt = Alexander von Humboldt Biological Resources Research Institute
7 UF - University of Florida [Gainesville]
8 UniBuc - University of Bucharest
9 Research Centre for Systems Ecology and Sustainability
10 NMA - National Meteorological Administration [Bucharest]
11 University of Toronto
12 Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment
13 Swiss National Park - Parc Naziunal Svizzer
14 School of Psychology and Neuroscience [University of St. Andrews]
15 Office for Nature and Environment of the Grisons
16 SIAF - Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research
17 UniPi - University of Pisa [Italy] = Università di Pisa [Italia] = Université de Pise [Italie]
18 Dalhousie University [Halifax]
19 WHOI - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
20 Société d’Observation Multi-Modale de l’Environnement [Plouzané]
21 ULaval - Université Laval [Québec]
22 Québec-Océan
23 LEMAR - Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR)
24 WHOI - Biology Department
25 DFO - Fisheries and Oceans Canada
26 Carleton University - Department of Biology [Ottawa]
27 BIDR - The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research
28 TAU - Tel Aviv University
29 Israel Nature and Parks Authority
30 ICM - Instituto de Ciencias del Mar de Barcelona
31 Fundació ENT
32 ICTA - Institut de Ciencia i Tecnologia Ambientals
33 School of Environment [Auckland, New Zealand]
34 Nord University [Bodø]
35 Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture [Bodø]
36 School of Natural Resources and the Environment [University of Arizona]
37 Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology
38 Universität Wien = University of Vienna
39 IMAS - Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies [Hobart]
40 Carijoa – Marine Environmental Consulting
41 Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies and Centre for Marine Socioecology
42 UVIC - University of Victoria [Canada]
43 Ocean Networks Canada
44 ECCC - Environment and Climate Change Canada
45 University of Manitoba [Winnipeg]
46 Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Seattle]
47 USC - University of the Sunshine Coast
48 School of Biological Sciences [Brisbane]
49 IFISC (CSIC-UIB) - Instituto de fisic Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos
50 IMEDEA - Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avancats = Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados
51 UNAV - Universidad de Navarra [Pamplona]
52 Fundacion CEAM
53 Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium
54 Beneath the Waves
55 WCS - Wildlife Conservation Society
56 McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario]
57 RSMAS - Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science
58 Deakin University [Burwood]
59 Swansea University
60 HKUST - Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
61 VIMS - Virginia Institute of Marine Science
62 Department of Aquatic Resources
63 Stockholm University
64 Hakai Institute
65 Cape Eleuthera Institute, Eleuthera
66 Sydney Institute of Marine Science
67 Department of Biological Sciences [Sydney]
68 CEBC - Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372
69 Loggerhead Marinelife Center
70 CISA - Swiss Center for Affective Sciences
71 Flinders University [Adelaide, Australia]
72 AIMS - Australian Institute of Marine Science
73 SFU.ca - Simon Fraser University = Université Simon Fraser
74 Parks Canada Agency
75 School of Geography and Environmental Sciences
76 UBC - University of British Columbia [Canada]
77 University of Maine
78 UNE - University of New England
79 Center for Wildlife Studies
80 EWHA - EWHA Womans University
81 CEN - Centre d'Etudes Nordiques
82 ASU - Arizona State University [Tempe]
83 School of Life Sciences [Tempe, USA]
84 THU - Tsinghua University [Beijing]
85 ARI - Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research
86 Victorian Fisheries Authority
87 Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences [Helsinki]
88 UIS - Universidad Industrial de Santander [Bucaramanga]
89 Pontificia universidad Javeriana, Cali
90 UAO - Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
91 Department of Environmental Science and Policy [Milano]
92 IRET - Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems [CNR, Italy]
93 CAS - Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing]
94 Centre for Ecology and Conservation
95 College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter]
96 CDRS - Charles Darwin Research Station
97 IIM - Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas
98 University of Haifa [Haifa]
99 SMNH - Steinhardt Museum of Natural History
100 Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel
101 RSPB - Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
102 RSPB Centre for Conservation Science
103 BSPB - Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds
104 BirdLife International
105 Hellenic Ornithological Society
106 WWF - World Wide Fund
107 Dilla University, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Biology, Ethiopia
108 Sahara Conservation Fund
109 AAU - Addis Ababa University
110 Hawassa University
111 LSE - Department of Geography & Environment - London School of Economics and Political Science
112 CSULB - California State University [Long Beach]
113 ICM - Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona]
114 University of Auckland [Auckland]
115 HWU - Heriot-Watt University [Edinburgh]
116 UCA - Universidad de Cádiz = University of Cádiz
117 Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences
118 Montréal Insectarium
119 Vermont Center for Ecostudies
120 School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science [Oregon State University]
121 CIBIO - Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos [Vairao]
122 Marine Biological Association
123 EPI - Ecology Project International
124 HIMB - Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology
125 University of Utah
126 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
127 NMFS - NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service
128 SIO - UC San Diego - Scripps Institution of Oceanography
129 CSIRO Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre [Australia]
130 Rondevlei Scientific Services, Garden Route National Park
131 Singapore Botanic Gardens
132 UFRJ - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro [Brasil] = Federal University of Rio de Janeiro [Brazil] = Université fédérale de Rio de Janeiro [Brésil]
133 College of Marine Science [St Petersburg, FL]
134 Coccosphere Environmental Analysis
135 MPI-BGC - Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry
136 Bangor University
137 University of Oxford
138 CRIOBE - Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement
139 Department of civil, environmental and mechanical engineering [Trento]
140 SNP - Parco Nazionale dello Stelvio = Stelvio National Park
141 Inuit Elder From the Community of Mittimatalik
142 Unicosta - Universidad de la Costa = University of la Costa
143 USA-Bogota - Universidad Sergio Arboleda [Bogota, Colombie]
144 Universidad de Oriente [Cuba]
145 RAS - Russian Academy of Science
146 BAS - British Antarctic Survey
147 Government of Tristan da Cunha
148 UniGe - Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa
149 UMR CBGP - Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations
150 Cirad-BIOS - Département Systèmes Biologiques
151 University of the Azores
152 OKEANOS & Institute of Marine Research [Horta, Portugal]
153 Universidad de Valparaiso [Chile]
154 Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta]
155 MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre [Portugal]
156 FEM - Fondazione Edmund Mach - Edmund Mach Foundation [Italie]
157 Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior
158 School of Biology [University of St Andrews]
Richard B. Primack
  • Fonction : Auteur
  • PersonId : 1182431
Tomas J. Bird
  • Fonction : Auteur
  • PersonId : 1182433
Valeria Vergara
  • Fonction : Auteur
  • PersonId : 1182439
Matthew S. Adams
Pia Anderwald
  • Fonction : Auteur
  • PersonId : 1390989
Sonja Wipf
Julien Bonnel
Camrin Braun
Jill L. Brooks
Steven J. Cooke
Jonathan Belmaker
Marta Coll
Petra Sumasgutner
  • Fonction : Auteur
  • PersonId : 1425950
Vicent Calatayud
  • Fonction : Auteur
William D. Halliday
Nicholas A. W. Brown
Graeme C. Hays
Nicole Esteban
Olof Olsson
  • Fonction : Auteur
Clive R. Mcmahon
Thibaud Gruber
Vinay Udyawer
Seth G. Cherry
Clayton T. Lamb
Frédéric Letourneux
Joël Bêty
Gilles Gauthier
Pierre Legagneux
Zhu Liu
Giann K. Aguirre-Samboní
  • Fonction : Auteur
  • PersonId : 1377625
  • IdRef : 277266505
Shahar Malamud
Tal Gavriel
  • Fonction : Auteur
Mai Lazarus
  • Fonction : Auteur
Ruthy Yahel
  • Fonction : Auteur
Enrico Lunghi
David March
Gonzalo Mucientes
Itai Namir
  • Fonction : Auteur
Avi Bar-Massada
Anastasios Bounas
Elzbieta Kret
  • Fonction : Auteur
Craig Radford
Louise Wilson
  • Fonction : Auteur
  • PersonId : 916695
David W. Sims
  • Fonction : Auteur
  • PersonId : 958415
Emily Southall
Çağan H. Şekercioğlu
Josip Kusak
Lucy C. Woodall
Paris V. Stefanoudis
Amir Ayali
  • Fonction : Auteur
Simon A. Morley
Sarah Abarro
  • Fonction : Auteur

Résumé

Highlights: • The global COVID-19 lockdown has impacted nature and conservation programs. • Immediate effects are documented across the world and in all ecosystems. • Initial responses are biased towards established monitoring programs and networks. • Complex positive and negative effects were detected, some with cascading impacts. • Humans are important custodians of species and ecosystems. Abstract: The global lockdown to mitigate COVID-19 pandemic health risks has altered human interactions with nature. Here, we report immediate impacts of changes in human activities on wildlife and environmental threats during the early lockdown months of 2020, based on 877 qualitative reports and 332 quantitative assessments from 89 different studies. Hundreds of reports of unusual species observations from around the world suggest that animals quickly responded to the reductions in human presence. However, negative effects of lockdown on conservation also emerged, as confinement resulted in some park officials being unable to perform conservation, restoration and enforcement tasks, resulting in local increases in illegal activities such as hunting. Overall, there is a complex mixture of positive and negative effects of the pandemic lockdown on nature, all of which have the potential to lead to cascading responses which in turn impact wildlife and nature conservation. While the net effect of the lockdown will need to be assessed over years as data becomes available and persistent effects emerge, immediate responses were detected across the world. Thus, initial qualitative and quantitative data arising from this serendipitous global quasi-experimental perturbation highlights the dual role that humans play in threatening and protecting species and ecosystems. Pathways to favorably tilt this delicate balance include reducing impacts and increasing conservation effectiveness.
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hal-03241199 , version 1 (05-02-2025)

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Amanda E. Bates, Richard B. Primack, Brandy S. Biggar, Tomas J. Bird, Mary E. Clinton, et al.. Global COVID-19 lockdown highlights humans as both threats and custodians of the environment. Biological Conservation, 2021, 263, pp.109175. ⟨10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109175⟩. ⟨hal-03241199⟩
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